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Both verbs mean “to give advice or an idea”, but the grammar (sentence structure) is different.

• suggest + -ing
• suggest + that + clause

(We don’t usually use “suggest + object + to + infinitive” and we NEVER say “suggest me” ❌)

• I suggest going to the park. 🌳
• She suggested waiting a little longer.
• He suggested that we leave early.
• They suggested taking the train instead of driving. 🚆

• recommend + -ing
• recommend + that + clause
• recommend + object + to + infinitive (this structure is correct only with recommend, not with suggest).

• I recommend visiting the museum. 🏛️
• She recommended booking tickets in advance.
• The teacher recommended that we revise for the exam.
• He recommended me to try that restaurant. 🍽️
• I recommended my friend to watch that series.

• You cannot say:
  ❌ She suggested me to go.
• You can say:
  ✅ She recommended me to go.
• Correct with suggest:
  • She suggested (that) I go.
  • She suggested going.

Incorrect:

• “He suggested me to try the café.”

Correct:

• “He suggested trying the café.”
• “He suggested that I try the café.”
• “He recommended me to try the café.”

• My doctor recommended exercising more often. 🏃
• The travel agent suggested staying in a smaller hotel.
• She recommended me to apply for the job.
• I suggest visiting the British Museum – it’s great!
• They suggested that we join them later.

• Suggest = -ing form or “that + clause”
• Recommend = -ing form, “that + clause”, OR “object + to + infinitive”

A: What should we do this weekend?
B: I suggest going to the park.
A: My cousin recommended me to try that new café near the park.
B: Great! Let’s do both.

These are indefinite pronouns.
We use them when we are talking about people or things, but we don’t say exactly who or what.

• Both mean “one person (unspecified)”.
• No difference in meaning.
• SOMEONE = slightly more formal, used more in writing.
• SOMEBODY = slightly more informal, common in speaking.

In most cases, you can choose either word without changing the meaning.

1. In positive sentences:

• Someone / Somebody is at the door. 🚪
• I need someone / somebody to help me.
• Someone left their bag in the classroom. 🎒

2. In offers/requests (informal):

• Can someone pass me that book, please?
• Could somebody open the window?

3. As the subject or object:

• Someone called you earlier. (subject)
• I met somebody at the park. (object)

• Refers to one thing (unspecified).
• Used when the exact thing is not known or not important.

1. In positive sentences:

• There is something on your shoe. 👟
• I want to eat something sweet. 🍫
• She gave me something to read.

2. In offers/requests:

• Would you like something to drink? 🥤
• Can I get you something else?

1. Formality:
   • “Someone” is more common in writing.
   • “Somebody” is more common in speaking.

1. Positive use:
   • These pronouns are usually used in positive sentences.
   • In questions, we often use anyone / anything instead.

1. Possessive form:
   • Use someone’s or somebody’s to show possession.
     • That is someone’s phone. 📱
     • I borrowed somebody’s pen.

These are indefinite pronouns – they refer to unspecified people or things.
They are mostly used in questions and negative sentences, but they also appear in some positive sentences (with a slightly different meaning).

• ANYBODY and ANYONE have the same meaning: “any person”.
• ANYONE is a little more formal and more common in writing.
• ANYBODY is more informal/spoken.

You can use either in almost every sentence without changing the meaning.

1. In questions:

• Is there anybody in the room? 🏠
• Does anyone know the answer?
• Can anybody help me?

2. In negatives:

• I don’t know anybody here.
• She doesn’t talk to anyone at work.
• We didn’t see anybody outside.

3. In positive sentences (less common):
When used in positive sentences, it means “it doesn’t matter who” / every person.

• Anyone / anybody can join the club. (= all people are welcome)
• This book is so easy, anybody can read it.
• You can ask anyone for help.

• Refers to unspecified things.

1. In questions:

• Have you got anything to eat? 🍎
• Did you buy anything at the market?
• Is there anything I can do to help?

2. In negatives:

• I don’t have anything in my bag. 🎒
• She didn’t say anything to me.
• There isn’t anything interesting on TV.

3. In positive sentences (less common):
Like “anyone”, in positive sentences it means “no limits / it doesn’t matter what”.

• You can do anything you want.
• If you need anything, just ask.
• He’ll eat anything. (= no limits)

1. Don’t use “double negatives”:
   ❌ I don’t know nobody here.
   ✅ I don’t know anybody here.
2. Position:

• They can be subject or object of a sentence.
  • Anybody can join. (subject)
  • I didn’t invite anyone. (object)

• Somebody / someone = positive (there is a person).
• Anybody / anyone = question / negative / “doesn’t matter who”.

Examples:

• I need somebody to help me. (= specific person)
• I don’t need anybody to help me. (= no person)
• Does anybody know where she is? (question)

A: Is there anyone in the office?
B: No, there isn’t anybody there right now.
A: Did you buy anything from the shop?
B: No, there wasn’t anything I wanted.

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• Different from is most standard (UK/US).
• Different to is common in British English.
• Different than is mostly American English.

Examples:

• This dress is different from that one. 👗
• This dress is different to that one. 
• This dress is different than that one. 

(All three are correct, but “different from” is safest.)

• British weather is different from Spanish weather.
• This plan is different from what I expected.

Both phrases are used to talk about exceptions.
They can sometimes be interchangeable, but there is an important difference in meaning and tone.

1. Including (in addition to)
   • Means as well as / besides / in addition to.

2. Excluding (like except for)

• Means not including / with the exception of.

So the meaning depends on context.

• Apart from my brother, I also invited my cousins. (extra)
• Apart from maths, she also studies physics and chemistry.
• Apart from being smart, he is also very kind. 🧠❤️

• Apart from John, everyone passed. (= John didn’t pass)
• I like all animals apart from snakes. 🐍
• The trip was great apart from the bad weather. ☔

APART FROM can mean both:

• “as well as” (extra) or
• “except for” (excluding)

The context decides.

• Means only excluding.
• It is more limited and strict than “apart from”.
• Does NOT mean “in addition to”.

Examples:

• Except for John, everyone passed. (John didn’t pass)
• I like all fruit except for bananas. 🍌
• The room was empty except for a chair.
• We work every day except for Sundays.

(You cannot use “except for” with the meaning “as well as”)

Apart from John, everyone passed.

• Could mean:
  1. Everyone passed and John also passed (extra fact).
  2. Or: Everyone passed but not John (exception).

Except for John, everyone passed.

• ONLY means: Everyone passed but not John.

• Apart from English, I speak French and Spanish. 🇫🇷🇪🇸
• The museum is open every day except for Mondays.
• The film was excellent apart from the ending. 🎬
• We saw nobody on the mountain apart from two hikers. 🏔️
• The party was perfect except for the music. 🎶

• Apart from is more flexible (addition or exception).
• Except for is only used for exceptions.
• In formal writing, “except for” is slightly more precise.

A: Did everyone enjoy the trip?
B: Yes, apart from a few delays, it was perfect.
A: So nothing went wrong?
B: Well, except for the delays, everything was great!

These three expressions look similar but are used differently in English.

Use:

• To show sequence/order (before “second”, “third”).
• Very common in spoken English and writing.
• Less formal than “firstly”.

Position: usually at the beginning of a sentence when listing points or events.

Examples:

• First, we went shopping, and then we had lunch. 🛒
• First, mix the flour and sugar. (instructions)
• I will explain first how the machine works, then I’ll show you.

Use:

• Same meaning as “first”, but for formal situations.
• Often used in essays, presentations, and speeches.
• Pairs naturally with “secondly, thirdly”.

Examples:

• Firstly, let me say thank you for inviting me here today. 🙏
• Firstly, we need to define the problem; secondly, we need to find solutions.
• Firstly, the economy has improved; secondly, employment rates have risen.

(In less formal writing or speaking, “first” is fine instead of “firstly”.)

Use:

• Refers to the beginning of a situation – but usually with a contrast later (something changes).
• Different from “first” because it describes how things were at the start, not a list.

Examples:

• At first, I didn’t like the job, but now I really enjoy it. 💼
• At first, he seemed unfriendly, but later he smiled.
• At first, I found English grammar difficult; now it’s much easier.

Key idea: “At first” ≈ “in the beginning”, especially when contrasting the past with now.

• First = order or instructions.
• Firstly = formal order, often in writing/speeches.
• At first = how something was in the beginning (but it changed later).

• FIT = the size is right (for clothes).
• SUIT = looks good on someone (the style/colour).

Examples:

• These jeans don’t fit me – they’re too small. 👖 (the size is not right)
• That dress really suits you. (the style looks nice on you)
• The jacket fits perfectly, but it doesn’t suit my body.

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• WHO = subject (does the action).
• WHOM = object (receives the action).
  (In modern English, “whom” is formal and not common in speech.)

Examples:

• Who called you? (subject) ☎️
• Whom did you invite to the party? (object – formal)
• With whom did you visit Buckingham Palace? 👑
• To whom should I speak? (formal letter)

More natural today: “Who should I speak to?”

• The person whom I saw yesterday was very friendly. 😊
• The friends whom we invited didn’t come.
• The author whom the critics admire won the award. 🏆
• The person whom I admire most is my grandmother.

Formal with preposition:

• The student about whom I was telling you just passed their exam.
• The woman to whom you sent the email is on holiday.
• The partner with whom he built the company is his sister.

Informal:

• The student who I was telling you about just passed their exam.
• The woman who you sent the email to is on holiday.
• The partner who he built the company with is his sister.

Formal English (especially writing):

The preposition goes before “whom”

• The man about whom we were talking…
• The colleague with whom I work is very talented.
• The person to whom you sent the letter is away.
• The project about which / about whom we spoke will start soon.

For informal English (speaking) we use 'who' and the preposition can go at the end of the clause

• The man who we were talking about…
• The colleague who I work with.
• The person who you sent the letter to.
• The project that we spoke about.

Both are correct, but preposition + whom is considered more formal and is common in academic or business writing.

HEAR = you notice a sound passively.
LISTEN TO = you actively pay attention.

Examples:

• I heard music while walking down the street. 🎶 (noticed sound)
• I wasn’t listening to you. (paying attention)
• Did you hear the announcement? (noticed sound)
• Please listen to the instructions carefully.  (pay attention)

(Difference: Hearing happens naturally. Listening is a choice.)

• EFFICIENT = works well without wasting time/energy/resources.
• EFFECTIVE = produces a good result.

Examples:

• The new software is very efficient – it saves me a lot of time. ⏱️
• Her presentation was very effective – everyone understood.
• He is an efficient worker (fast and organised).
• This medicine is effective for headaches. 💊

In spite of and Despite have the same meaning as: “although” 

Form:

• IN SPITE OF + noun / V-ing
• DESPITE + noun / V-ing

(Grammar: no “of” after despite!)

Examples:

• We went out in spite of the rain. ☔
• We went out despite the rain.
• In spite of feeling tired, I went to the gym.
• Despite feeling tired, I went to the gym.
• In spite of being busy, she helped me.
• Despite being busy, she helped me.

(You can also say: “In spite of the fact that…" and 

"Despite the fact that..." in formal situations ” but NOT “despite of the fact that”.)

Form: in spite of the fact that / despite the fact that + clause (subject + verb + object)

Examples:

• We went out in spite of the fact that it was raining. ☔
• Despite the fact that we felt tired, we went to the gym.
• In spite of the fact that she was busy, she helped me.
• Despite the fact that she was occupied, she gave me directions.

• THEY = subject (does the action)
• THEM = object (receives the action)

Examples (plural):

• They are going to the party. 🎉
• I saw them yesterday. 👋
• They like Italian food. 🍝
• We invited them for dinner. 🍽️

We use they/them for one person when:

• The gender is unknown, not important, or not specified.
• The person chooses they/them pronouns (non-binary).

This is called singular “they” and is common and correct in modern English.

Examples (singular):

• Someone is calling, but I don’t know who they are. ☎️ (unknown gender)
• If a student has a question, they should raise their hand. ✋ (unknown gender)
• I met a doctor yesterday – they were very helpful. 🩺 (gender not important)
• If anyone comes, give them a seat. 🪑
• If that person knocks at the door, ask them what they want. 🚪
• A new student has joined the class. Can you show them around? 🏫
• A colleague left their phone on the desk – please give it to them. 📱
• Someone parked in the wrong space. Can you go and tell them? 🚗
• If the teacher calls, tell them I’ll call back later.
• Every time I talk to a stranger, they ask me about my accent. 💬
• A customer came in, but they didn’t leave their name. 🛍️

• Avoids saying “he or she” repeatedly.
• Sounds natural and inclusive. 🌍
• Works for unknown, general, or non-binary references. 🏳️‍🌈

Tip:
In formal writing, “he or she” is still acceptable:

• “If a customer calls, give him or her this form.” 📝

But in everyday and modern English, it’s more natural to use “them”:

• “If a customer calls, give them this form.” ✅

• IT IS = identifies or describes something.
• THERE IS = says something exists.

Examples:

• It is a beautiful day. ☀️ (describing)
• There is a book on the table. 📚 (existence)
• It is important to study every day.
• There is a problem with my car.

• IMPLY = suggest something without saying it directly (speaker).
• INFER = guess/understand something from clues (listener).

Examples:

• He implied that I was late because I’m lazy. (he suggested it)
• From his words, I inferred that he was unhappy ☹️. (I understood)
• Are you implying that it’s my fault? (suggesting)
• From her silence, we inferred she agreed. (understood)